“学霸”与“学渣”的真正差距是什么？家庭？智商？还是...

她27岁辞去纽约企业管理咨询师，到美国一所公立学校教数学，之后开始研究教育心理学，经过多年走访各个知名高校，问卷调查社会竞赛活动，得出了一个惊人的发现，那就是“学霸”与“学渣”之间的差距，在乎于每个人青少年的一个个人品质，并非智商之间的差距，这项品质就是——毅力！

文、编 | 巴山

以下就是美籍华人安吉拉·李·杜克沃（Angela Lee Duckworth）在TED上演讲的部分内容（完整视频在文章末尾，亦可直接跳过文字部分观看视频），以供各位教育界同仁参考：

安吉拉·李·杜克沃（Angela Lee Duckworth） | 图片源自TED

What struck me was that I.Q. was not the only difference between my best and my worst students.Some of my strongest performers did not have stratospheric I.Q. scores. Some of my smartest kids weren't doing so well.

让我震惊的是，IQ的高低并不是我最好和最差的学生之间唯一的差别。一些在课堂上表现很好的学生，并不具有非常高的IQ；一些非常聪明的孩子反而在课堂作业上表现的不那么尽人意。

And that got me thinking. The kinds of things you need to learn in seventh grade math, sure, they're hard: ratios, decimals, the area of a parallelogram. But these concepts are not impossible, and I was firmly convinced that every one of my students could learn the material if they worked hard and long enough.

这引起了我的思考。当然，学生们在七年级数学要学的东西是有难度的——比率、小数、平行四边形面积计算。但是这些概念是完全可以被掌握的，我也坚信我的每一位学生都可以学会教材的内容，只要他们肯花时间和精力的话。

After several more years of teaching, I came to the conclusion that what we need in education is a much better understanding of students and learning from a motivational perspective, from a psychological perspective.In education, the one thing we know how to measure best is I.Q., but what if doing well in school and in life depends on much more than your ability to learn quickly and easily?

经过几年教学之后，我得出一个结论：我们在教育方面所需要的是一种对学生、对学习更好的理解——从动机的角度、从心理的角度去理解。在教育领域，我们最擅长测试的指标是“智商”，但如果说在学校和生活中的表现好坏不仅仅取决于你是否能又好又快地学习呢？

So I left the classroom, and I went to graduate school to become a psychologist. I started studying kids and adults in all kinds of super challenging settings,and in every study my question was, who is successful here and why?My research team and I went to West Point Military Academy. 

于是，我离开了课堂，来到了研究生院，成为了一名心理学家。我开始研究儿童与成人处于各种艰巨挑战中的表现。在每次研究中，我关注的是： 谁会成功？为什麽会成功？我和我的研究团队去了西点军校。

We tried to predict which cadets would stay in military training and which would drop out. We went to the National Spelling Bee and tried to predict which children would advance farthest in competition.

我们试着预测哪些学员能通过军事训练，哪些会放弃。我们去看全国拼字比赛， 试着预测哪些孩子能在比赛中笑到最后。

We studied rookie teachers working in really tough neighborhoods, asking which teachers are still going to be here in teaching by the end of the school year, and of those, who will be the most effective at improving learning outcomes for their students? 

我们研究在非常艰苦的环境下工作的新教师，预测哪些教师在学年末时还能坚持在岗位上。当然还有，哪些教师教出的学生成绩的提高最为显著？

We partnered with private companies, asking, which of these salespeople is going to keep their jobs? And who's going to earn the most money? In all those very different contexts, one characteristic emerged as a significant predictor of success. And it wasn't social intelligence. It wasn't good looks, physical health, and it wasn't I.Q. It was grit.

我们和私人公司合作， 预测哪些销售人员能保住工作？谁能赚最多钱？在这些非常不同的背景下，我们发现有一个特质能够很好地预测成功。它不是社交能力，不是美丽的外貌，不是健康的身体，也不是智商，而是意志力。

Grit is passion and perseverance for very long-term goals. Grit is having stamina. Grit is sticking with your future, day in, day out, not just for the week, not just for the month, but for years, and working really hard to make that future a reality. Grit is living life like it's a marathon, not a sprint.

毅力是对长远目标的激情与坚持，

毅力是拥有持久的恒心，

毅力是你对未来的坚持，日复一日

不仅仅是持续一个星期或者一个月

而是几年甚至几十年努力奋斗，让自己的梦想变为现实

毅力是把生活当成一场马拉松，而不是一次短跑。

A few years ago, I started studying grit in the Chicago public schools. I asked thousands of high school juniors to take grit questionnaires, and then waited around more than a year to see who would graduate. Turns out that grittier kids were significantly more likely to graduate, even when I matched them on every characteristic I could measure, things like family income, standardized achievement test scores, even how safe kids felt when they were at school.

几年前，我在芝加哥公立学校开始研究意志力。我请数以千计的高中生填写关于意志力的问卷，然后等了大约一年多看看谁会毕业。结果发现，意志力越坚定的孩子毕业的可能性明显越高，其他所有可能的影响因素都被考虑并排除了，比如家庭收入，标准化测验的分数， 甚至孩子们在学校时的安全感。

So it's not just at West Point or the National Spelling Bee that grit matters. It's also in school, especially for kids at risk for dropping out. To me, the most shocking thing about grit is how little we know, how little science knows, about building it.Every day, parents and teachers ask me, "How do I build grit in kids? What do I do to teach kids a solid work ethic? How do I keep them motivated for the long run?" The honest answer is, I don't know.

所以意志力并不只是在西点军校或全国拼字比赛中非常重要。在学校，尤其是对有辍学危险的孩子来说，意志力同样重要。关于意志力，最令我吃惊的事情是我们以及科学界对于如何锻炼意志力知之甚少。每天，家长和老师都会问我， "如何锻炼孩子们的意志力？ 我怎么教会孩子坚实的职业道德？怎样才能让他们有长远的动力？”最诚实的回答是，我不知道。

What I do know is that talent doesn't make you gritty. Our data show very clearly that there are many talented individuals who simply do not follow through on their commitments. In fact, in our data, grit is usually unrelated or even inversely related to measures of talent.

我所知道的是，有才华不意味着就有意志力。我们的资料非常清楚地揭示有很多才华横溢的人并不能坚持到底，实现承诺。事实上，我们的研究发现，意志力通常与才华无关， 有时甚至成反比。

So far, the best idea I've heard about building grit in kids is something called "growth mindset." This is an idea developed at Stanford University by Carol Dweck, and it is the belief that the ability to learn is not fixed, that it can change with your effort. Dr. Dweck has shown that when kids read and learn about the brain and how it changes and grows in response to challenge, they're much more likely to persevere when they fail, because they don't believe that failure is a permanent condition.

关于锻炼孩子们的意志，到目前为止，我听过的最好的方法叫做“成长型思维模式”理论。这是斯坦福大学的Carol Dweck 的研究成果。这个理论相信学习的能力不是一成不变的， 它会由于你的努力发生变化。Dweck博士已证明，当孩子们阅读和学习大脑的相关知识以及大脑在面对挑战时会怎样变化和成长时，他们更有可能在失败时继续坚持， 因为他们不相信他们永远会失败。

So growth mindset is a great idea for building grit. But we need more. And that's where I'm going to end my remarks, because that's where we are. That's the work that stands before us. We need to take our best ideas, our strongest intuitions, and we need to test them. We need to measure whether we've been successful, and we have to be willing to fail, to be wrong, to start over again with lessons learned.

所以，成长型思维模式是一种锻炼意志力的好方法。但我们还需要更多这样的理念。而今天我的演讲就到此为止，因为这就是我们当下的认知。这就是摆在我们面前的任务。我们需要拿出我们最好的想法、最强的直觉对他们进行检验。我们需要衡量我们是否取得了成功，我们必须愿意失败、愿意犯错、愿意吸取教训并从头开始。

In other words, we need to be gritty about getting our kids grittier.

换句话说，我们只有自己变得更加有毅力，才能让我们的孩子变得更加有毅力。

这让笔者想到古人们对理想的执着追求，面对荆棘丛生的人生之路时的从容不迫，以及身处逆境时的谈笑风生，都在历史的长河中留下的光辉的一笔，流传下来富有传奇色彩的千古佳话。

“天行健，君子以自强不息。”

晋文公重耳在外流亡19年，最终成就春秋霸业，同样虽然孔子周游列国十几年，最终成为一代伟人，正如他所言，“士不可以不弘毅，任重而道远。”凭借的就是对信念的坚持不懈，对理想的孜孜以求。

风餐露宿的重耳 | 图片源自网络

亚圣孟轲也曾说出震耳发聩的名言警句，警醒世人，“故天将降大任于是人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨，饿其体肤，空乏其身，行拂乱其所为，所以动心忍性，曾益其所不能。”

唐初四杰之一的王勃凭借一篇《滕王阁序》震铄古今，“时运不齐，命途多舛。冯唐易老，李广难封。屈贾谊于长沙，非无圣主；窜梁鸿于海曲，岂乏明时？所赖君子见机，达人知命。老当益壮，宁移白首之心？穷且益坚，不坠青云之志。酌贪泉而觉爽，处涸辙以犹欢。”

王勃与《滕王阁序》 | 图片源自网络

清代小说家蒲松龄一生落寞，几次科考都是名落孙山，最后他散尽家财，开起一个粥铺，招待过往行人商旅，收集故事，还在门帘上挂上一副对联以自勉，“有志者，事竟成，破釜沉舟，百二秦关终属楚；苦心人，天不负，卧薪尝胆，三千越甲可吞吴。”最终写出名垂千古的小说集《聊斋志异》。

古人的传奇故事无不说明一个事实，即便人有天纵奇才，如果没有持之以恒的毅力，以及对生活，对理想，对信念充满热情，拥有一颗打不死的心态，最终也可能成为“平庸的天才”，从方仲永到江郎才尽的江淹，不知在中国五千多年的历史长河中留下了多少叹息？！

虽然社会发展到今天，讲究出身，讲究家庭背景的观念大行其道，但无论怎么说，“毅力”依然是人们实现成功，走向幸福不可或缺的重要品质之一，正如荀子所言，“骐骥一跃，不能十步；驽马十驾，功在不舍。锲而舍之，朽木不折；锲而不舍，金石可镂。”

一篇《兰亭集序》，无论文章的内容，还是书法之精妙都堪称一绝，他的作者就是东晋大书法家王羲之，史称“书圣”，他从7岁开始练书法，家门口有一个水池，他每次练完书法都会在此洗毛笔，天天如此，20年后，门前原本清澈的水池都洗成了黑色，后人便把那水池称为“墨池”。

他在教育儿子王献之的时候，就教育他要写好毛笔字没有“捷径”，写干18缸水方可小成，而最后王献之也一步一个脚印做到了，成为了一代书法大家！这也正说明了，除了外在的、良好的家庭教育，缺乏内在的自我驱动（毅力），也很难实现真正意义上的成功！

视频：成功的秘诀——毅力

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